Membrane Technologies

Membrane technologies.

Figure 11. Three modes of membrane operation: (a) constant flux, (b) constant pressure, and (c) nonrestricted flux and pressure

Table 2. Constituents in wastewater that can affect the performance of membranes through the mechanism of fouling

Figure 14. Modes of membrane fouling: (a) pore narrowing, (b) pore plugging, and (c) gel/cake formation caused by concentration polarization

4. The exclusion of oxygen may be necessary to prevent oxidation of iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide.

Table 3. Typical application for membrane technologies in wastewater treatment

Figure 16. Typical flow diagram for electrodialysis membrane process with pretreatment

Table 5. Typical characteristics of membrane technologies used in wastewater treatment applications

Table 6. Typical energy consumption and product recovery values for various membrane systems

Requires replacement of membranes about every 3 to 5 years

Figure 17. Typical flow diagrams employing membranes for advanced wastewater treatment with (a) settled secondary effluent and (b) settled primary effluent.

the specific constituents that can limit recovery such as silica, barium, calcium, and sulfate;